Ultimate Frisbee :: sports

     Before you find out about Ultimate Frisbee, you should initially know the historical backdrop of the Frisbee. The Frisbie Pie Company sold their pies everywhere throughout the East Coast, and for some odd reason the pie tins were anything but difficult to toss around. At Yale, understudies started to make up games to play with the tins, and began to call them â€Å"Frisbees†. The name stuck and hurling the tins around got well known at numerous East Coast universities. Quite a long while later, an innovator chose to reproduce the Frisbee tin. He needed to make it out of plastic, which was one of the new post-war materials. He molded his new plate like a U.F.O., complete with little windows. This was the principal genuine Frisbee, and from that point forward, the plan hasn’t changed a lot. Individuals had been hurling Frisbees around for quite a long time, however still couldn't seem to make a game utilizing the Frisbee plate. At Columbia High School in New Jersey, understudies from the school paper made another game, joining various parts of soccer, football, b-ball, group handball, and hockey, they called it Ultimate Frisbee. These understudies chose to compose an official arrangement of rules for Ultimate Frisbee. From the outset, it was just played by a couple of understudies at Columbia. The game before long got on at different universities and secondary schools in the territory. From that point on, Ultimate spread quickly all through the United States, and was from the outset played uniquely in schools. From that point forward numerous non-academic classes have framed and numerous nations have begun national groups. Very little has changed since the guidelines were first distributed, and from that point forward, Ultimate has spread everywhere throughout the world .      The Spirit of the Game is the most significant piece of Ultimate Frisbee. In many games, players deliberately foul their adversaries. In Ultimate, the way of thinking is that nobody could ever foul a rival player intentionally, and if a foul is to happen, it is accepted that the culprit fouled unintentionally. Players call their own fouls, and if the rival group feels that the call was mistaken, they can challenge it. Not having an official included methods less time squandered. Another piece of The Spirit of the Game is indicating regard for your colleagues and adversaries. This â€Å"philosophy† is the thing that makes Ultimate Frisbee unique in relation to all other sports.â â â â â      Once you make sense of how to toss the circle, Ultimate’s an entirely simple game to learn. The game beginnings with the two groups arranging on far edge zones, the host group loses to the rival group; that begins the point.

The Beginnings of World War 1 an Example of the Topic History Essays by

The Beginnings of World War 1 On June 28, 1914, Gavrilo Princip killed Archduke Franz Ferdinand, the beneficiary to the Austrian seat, in Sarajevo. In the most recent seven day stretch of July and the principal seven day stretch of August of that year, the First World War broke out, with Austria announcing war on Serbia, and Germany pronouncing war against Russia and France. It was a war that ended the lives of 9 million fighters and a lot progressively a huge number of honest regular folks. France, Russia, and the United Kingdom, with Italy and the United States going along with them a lot later, battled the Austro-Hungarian realm, Germany, Bulgaria and Turkey (at that point Ottoman Empire), in a war to put to shame all other wars, as the First World War is called now and again. The death in Sarajevo went about as an impetus that set off the greatest war in the history until that time. In 1966, Vladimir Dedijer, a main master on the Sarajevo death, asserted that effectively more than 3,000 books had been distrib uted what considered that decisive day (Hamilton and Herwig 2003). It was a shocking homicide as a result of the outcomes it prompted. In any case, the war had for sure since quite a while ago been developing, and most presumably would have happened in any case even with no such death ever occurring. Need paper test on The Beginnings of World War 1 subject? We will compose a custom paper test explicitly for you Continue Not long before the flare-up of World War I, the perceived leverage in Europe existed in two significant political and military gatherings, the Triple Alliance and the Triple Entente. The Triple Alliance contained Austria-Hungary, Germany and Italy (Chant 2002). The Triple understanding comprised of France, Russia, and the United Kingdom. There was a solid component of militarism on the two sides of the war. All the part nations on the two sides had been fabricating huge armed forces and naval forces in the years prior to the war itself. They were anxiously getting ready for the war, making ideal arrangements for armed force activation. This military develop and readiness existed in an atmosphere of scorn that depends on nationalistic feelings. French were against Germans, and Russians were against the Austrians. For the most part in Germany, however somewhere else as well, there were numerous nationalistic addresses and compositions which discussed battling a war so as to attest nat ional predominance. Understudies Usually Tell EssayLab professionals:How much do I need to pay somebody to compose my task in time?Essay author experts suggest: Get Academic Writing At Reasonable Price With UsEssay Writing Help Service Buy Essay Online Cheap Top Essay Writing Cheap Essay Writing Service For around three weeks after the Sarajevo death, not a lot occurred. In any case, at that point Austria-Hungary began responding (Duffy 2004). It felt that there was the hand of Serbian government behind the death and requested Serbia the professional killers and their gatherings be offered over to it for discipline. Serbia didn't care to be given a final proposal in that manner, and went for the help of its partner Russia. Then, Austria-Hungary solicited the help from Germany, on the off chance that Russia comes into picture. Germany needed Austira-Hungary to go out on a war. Austria-Hungary at that point proclaimed war on Serbia. Furthermore, Russia began sending its tremendous armed force to help Serbia. For Germany it was an open door that it was sitting tight for, and it pronounced war on Russia on Aug 1. Since France was a nearby partner of Russia, it was acquired the war as well. Germany announced war on France, and attacked Belgium so as to rapidly arrive at Paris. England wa s in favor of France, and it proclaimed war on Germany on August 4. The Belgian King additionally advanced Britain for help. With Britain coming into the war, its few significant provinces, similar to Australia, Canada, India, offered their full help to it. Be that as it may, the United States needed to keep itself out of war, and didn't favor one side. It would stay unbiased until nearly the most recent year of the war. Japan had a concurrence with Britain, and along these lines it joined the side of Britain. Italy was the partner of Germany and Austria-Hungary. Be that as it may, it didn't join the war until following a while. Be that as it may, it joined the Allied powers of France and England against Germany. In the August of 1914 itself, the circumstance was rapidly heightening past the most exceedingly awful desires for anybody. So as to clarify the complex more profound causes and foundations of the Great War, antiquarians have consistently investigated the European history o f the nineteenth century. What started as a Balkan war precisely following one month after the death of Archduke Ferdinand turned into the First World War, inside only seven days (Williamson 1998). In 1914, Europe was a cultivated, prosperous, generally content spot. At that point, following a death in a dark capital of a dark Balkan region, it out of nowhere fired exploding itself and tearing itself down.... It is an account of universal governmental issues going too far into world frenzy and aggregate self destruction. (Axelrod 2000) One year on, in Aug 1 1915, the war was being battled on all Western, Eastern, and Southern with full force. The principal significant occasion to occur in the twentieth century, the First World War was essential in molding numerous central parts of the twentieth century history. The worldwide political scene after the war turned out to be totally unique in relation to the one preceding the war. England, which was the world's principal superpower up to that point, began to decrease, and America started to rise (pbs.org, 2004). Additionally, the street to Second World War began in the First World War. References: Axelrod. A. (2000). Complete Idiot's Guide to World War I. Indianapolis, IN : Alpha Books Serenade, C. (2002). Austro Hungarian Aces of World War 1. Oxford : Osprey Publishing. Duffy, M. (2004). The Causes of World War One. Recovered Nov 14 2006 from http://www.firstworldwar.com/starting points/causes.htm Hamilton, R. F. and Herwig H. H. (2003). The Origins of World War I. Cambridge : Cambridge University Press Pbs.org. (2004). The Great War. Williamson, S.R. (1998). The Origins of the War. In, World War 1: A History, by H. Strachan. pp.9-25. Oxford University Press.

Dietary Precautions While Taking MAOIs

Dietary Precautions While Taking MAOIs Panic Disorder Treatment Print Dietary Precautions While Taking MAOIs By Sheryl Ankrom linkedin Sheryl Ankrom is a clinical professional counselor and nationally certified clinical mental health counselor specializing in anxiety disorders. Learn about our editorial policy Sheryl Ankrom Reviewed by Reviewed by Amy Morin, LCSW on August 31, 2019 facebook twitter instagram Amy Morin, LCSW, is a psychotherapist, author of the bestselling book 13 Things Mentally Strong People Dont Do, and a highly sought-after speaker. Learn about our Wellness Board Amy Morin, LCSW Updated on November 25, 2019 Piga Catalano s.n.c./Getty Images More in Panic Disorder Treatment Symptoms Diagnosis Coping Related Conditions In This Article Table of Contents Expand How MAOIs Work Reason for Food Restrictions Foods to Avoid Other Dietary Considerations Symptoms/Hypertensive Crisis Plan Ahead View All Back To Top Though not nearly as common as they once were, monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) are still sometimes prescribed to treat depression, as well as off-label use for Parkinsons disease?? and anxiety disorders like panic disorder, social anxiety disorder, and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD).?? No matter what condition you may be taking these medications for, there are certain high-protein and aged foods that you should avoid in order to prevent harmful spikes in your blood pressure. How MAOIs Work Many people dealing with  panic disorder  are prescribed medications to treat anxiety,  panic attacks, and other panic-related symptoms. Antidepressant medications may sound like theyre only designed to treat depression, but  antidepressants  have increasingly been used to help alleviate the symptoms of panic disorder and other anxiety disorders.?? First  available to U.S. consumers in the 1950s, MAOIs were one of the earliest antidepressants prescribed. MAOIs work to impact  different  neurotransmitters, or naturally  occurring substances, in the brain that regulate various body functions. In particular, MAOIs are thought to affect the neurotransmitters of serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine. These are associated with the regulation of your mood, sleep, energy, and motivation and theyre also responsible for balancing the  fight-or-flight response,  which is linked to how you respond to stress and anxiety.?? These days, there are often more effective medications available that have fewer side effects, so MAOIs are usually reserved for cases when other medications havent done the job. Theyre a good choice for certain people, however. Common MAOIs include: Nardil (phenelzine)Parnate (tranylcypromine)Marplan (isocarboxazid)Emsam (selegiline) Reason for Food Restrictions Tyramine is a compound thats found in certain foods, beverages, and other substances and has an effect on your blood pressure. Tyramine is regulated by the  MAO  enzyme, which helps break it down. MAOIs work by restricting the MAO enzyme, which usually results in reducing the symptoms of depression and anxiety. However, when the MAO enzyme is inhibited, such as when youre taking an  MAOI, tyramine can reach dangerously high levels, causing your blood vessels to narrow and resulting in critically high blood pressure.?? If youre taking an MAOI, youll need to avoid foods and beverages that are high in tyramine to prevent potentially fatal blood pressure spikes that can land you in the emergency room. Foods to Avoid Protein-rich foods contain higher amounts of tyramine. Additionally, tyramine content rises in these foods as they age.  There are a few foods and beverages that are high in tyramine that you should avoid while taking an MAOI,?? including: Meat Products: Foods to avoid include  beef liver,  chicken liver,  fermented sausages like pepperoni and salami, bacon, hot dogs, corned beef, and luncheon meats.Fish Products: Stay away from  caviar,  cured fish,  dried or pickled herring, and anything that contains  shrimp paste.Milk Products: Aged and mature cheeses and other dairy products like sour cream and  yogurt are on the list of foods to avoid. You can have cottage cheese, processed cheese like American, cream cheese, ricotta, and part-skim mozzarella.Fruits and Vegetables: High-protein produce is also a concern. This includes  overripe fruits and avocados, as well as banana peels (not the bananas themselves). Also, try not to eat fava beans, Italian green beans, or snow peas. Its best to stay away from  sauerkraut, tofu, pickles, and  canned figs as well.Alcohol:  Certain fermented alcoholic beverages should be left out of your diet. This includes red wines and Chianti, vermouth, and sherry. A beer that contains yeast sh ould also be avoided, particularly home-brewed or tap beer.Yeast-Containing Foods: Its recommended that you avoid foods that contain  concentrated yeast products and  brewers yeast. Included in this group are items like miso, teriyaki, fermented tofu or bean curd, and soy sauce.Combinations: Snacks or meals that are made with any of these foods also need to be avoided. For example, you shouldnt eat foods that contain cheese such as pizza or lasagna, or foods that contain soy sauce like stir-fry. Youll also need to avoid high tyramine foods and beverages for two to four weeks after you go off of an MAOI. Your doctor will give you specific instructions. Other Dietary Considerations In foods that contain tyramine, the level increases even more during the spoiling or decay process. Its important that you eat only fresh and freshly cooked foods and use proper food safety practices, such as:?? Check packaged foods for freshness and dont consume products beyond the freshness date.Cook all foods to the proper temperature.Maintain cold foods at the proper temperature.Dont refreeze foods that have been thawed.Avoid leftovers, even if they have been refrigerated.Consume cooked foods promptly, making sure proper food temperature is maintained. Keep in mind that heat doesnt decrease tyramine, so cooking or heating up food thats high in tyramine wont make any difference. Symptoms of Hypertensive Crisis When your tyramine level starts to increase, you may notice symptoms that your blood pressure is quickly rising. When this happens, its an emergency situation called a hypertensive crisis. Symptoms include:?? Headache, which will likely be severeNauseaVomitingConfusionDisturbances in your visionFast or irregular heart ratePain in your chest that may be accompanied by shortness of breathSweatingNosebleedsSevere anxietyFainting If you notice any of the symptoms of a hypertensive crisis, and especially if you know you ate food thats high in tyramine, call your doctor or 911, or have someone take you to the emergency room. Plan Ahead In the event that your doctor prescribes an MAOI for you, talk to him or her about a complete list of foods and alcohol that you need to avoid. You may also need to avoid certain medications, whether over-the-counter or prescription, so ask about this too. Its also best to make a plan with your doctor about what to do in the event that you have a hypertensive crisis so you know exactly what to do.

Ancient Mayan Warriors and Warfare

The Maya were a mighty civilization based in the low, rainy forests of southern Mexico, Guatemala, and Belize whose culture peaked around 800 A.D. before going into steep decline. Historical anthropologists used to believe the Maya were a peaceful people, who warred upon one another rarely if at all, preferring instead to dedicate themselves to astronomy, building, and other non-violent pursuits. Recent advances in the interpretation of stonework at Maya sites have changed that, however, and the Maya are now considered a very violent, warmongering society. Wars and warfare were important to the Maya for a variety of reasons, including subjugation of neighboring city-states, prestige, and capture of prisoners for slaves and sacrifices. Traditional Pacifist Views of the Maya Historians and cultural anthropologists began seriously studying the Maya in the early 1900s. These first historians were impressed with the great Maya interest in the cosmos and astronomy and their other cultural achievements, such as the Maya calendar and their large trade networks. There was ample evidence of a warlike tendency among the Maya — carved scenes of battle or sacrifice, walled compounds, stone, and obsidian weapon points, etc. — but the early Mayanists ignored this evidence, instead of sticking to their notions of the Maya as a peaceful people. As the glyphs on the temples and stelae began to yield their secrets to dedicated linguists, however, a very different picture of the Maya emerged. The Maya City-States Unlike the Aztecs of Central Mexico and the Inca of the Andes, the Maya were never a single, unified empire organized and administered from a central city. Instead, the Maya were a series of city-states in the same region, linked by language, trade, and certain cultural similarities, but often in lethal contention with one another for resources, power, and influence. Powerful cities like Tikal, Calakmul, and Caracol frequently warred upon one another or upon smaller cities. Small raids into enemy territory were common: attacking and defeating a powerful rival city was rare but not unheard of. The Maya Military Wars and major raids were led by the Ahau or King. Members of the highest ruling class often were military and spiritual leaders of the cities and their capture during battles was a key element of military strategy. It is believed that many of the cities, especially the larger ones, had large, well-trained armies available for attack and defense. It is unknown if the Maya had a professional soldier class as the Aztecs did. Maya Military Goals The Maya city-states went to war with one another for several different reasons. Part of it was military dominance: to bring more territory or vassal states under the command of a larger city. Capturing prisoners was a priority, especially high-ranking ones. These prisoners would be ritually humiliated at the victorious city: sometimes, the battles were played out again in the ball court, with the losing prisoners sacrificed after the â€Å"game.† It is known that some of these prisoners remained with their captors for years before finally being sacrificed. Experts disagree about whether these wars were waged solely for the purpose of taking prisoners, like the famous Flower Wars of the Aztecs. Late in the Classic period, when the warring in the Maya region became much worse, cities would be attacked, looted and destroyed. Warfare and Architecture The Maya penchant for warfare is reflected in their architecture. Many of the major and minor cities have defensive walls, and in the later Classic period, newly-founded cities were no longer established near productive land, as they had been previously, but rather on defensible sites such as hilltops. The structure of the cities changed, with the important buildings all being inside the walls. Walls could be as high as ten to twelve feet (3.5 meters) and were usually made of stone supported by wooden posts. Sometimes the construction of walls seemed desperate: in some cases, walls were built right up to important temples and palaces, and in some cases (notably the Dos Pilas site) important buildings were taken apart for stone for the walls. Some cities had elaborate defenses: Ek Balam in the Yucatan had three concentric walls and the remains of a fourth one in the city center. Famous Battles and Conflicts The best-documented and possibly the most important conflict was the struggle between Calakmul and Tikal in the fifth and sixth centuries. These two powerful city-states were each dominant politically, militarily and economically in their regions, but were also relatively close to one another. They began warring, with vassal cities like Dos Pilas and Caracol changing hands as the power of each respective city waxed and waned. In 562 A.D. Calakmul and/or Caracol defeated the mighty city of Tikal, which fell into a brief decline before regaining its former glory. Some cities were hit so hard that they never recovered, like Dos Pilas in 760 A.D. and Aguateca sometime around 790 A.D. Effects of Warfare on Maya Civilization Between 700 and 900 A.D., most of the important Maya cities in the south and central regions of the Maya civilization went silent, their cities abandoned. The decline of the Maya civilization is still a mystery. Different theories have been proposed, including excessive warfare, drought, plague, climate change and more: some belief in a combination of factors. Warfare almost certainly had something to do with the disappearance of the Maya civilization: by the ​late Classic period wars, battles and skirmishes were quite common and important resources were dedicated to wars and city defenses. Source: McKillop, Heather. The Ancient Maya: New Perspectives. New York: Norton, 2004.

Passing Essay - 1041 Words

The Root of Jealousy nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;In Nella Larsen’s Passing, Irene Redfield and Clare Kendry show us a great deal about race and sexuality in the 1920s. Both are extremely light-skinned women of African-American descent. However similar they appear to be, their views on race, a very controversial issue at the time, differ significantly. Clare chooses to use her physical appearance as an advantage in America’s racist and sexist society, leaving behind everything that connects her to her African-American identity. She presents herself as an object of sexual desire, flaunting herself to gain attention. Irene is practically the opposite, deciding that she wants to remain with the label of being black. She is subtle with her†¦show more content†¦When Irene finally realizes that this woman is Clare, someone who chooses to â€Å"pass† and hide all traces of her black heritage, Irene’s opinion of her changes. She no longer wants to be involved with Clare in any wa y, and â€Å"had no desire or intention of making the slightest effort about Tuesday. Nor any other day for that matter. She was through with Clare Kendry.† (p. 31) Irene is appalled that someone can so easily throw away her background just for the sake of gaining privilege over another race. When Clare asks her if she had ever thought of passing, Irene replies, â€Å"No. Why should I? You see, Clare, I’ve everything I want.† (p. 28) She is happy with what she has, not even having to give up anything to get there. Or at least that’s what she convinces herself to believe. Irene is again hypocritical in her beliefs. Even when she opposes Clare’s view of passing, she is still very interested in the idea. â€Å"The truth was, she was curious. There were things she wanted to ask Clare Kendry. She wished to find out about this hazardous business of ‘passing’†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (p. 24) She even admitted that she held for her â€Å"a fascination, strange and compelling.† (p. 28) Irene doesn’t seem to be able to decide if she accepts passing as reasonable. She forces herself to disagree with passing, allowing her to hate Clare for doing it. This shows us that sexuality and race are two matters that conflict with each other, at least in Irene’s opinion. She uses race toShow MoreRelatedPassing Off Notes2162 Words   |  9 PagesPASSING OFF – a common law Definition: Perry v Truefitt: Lord Langdale: a man is not to sell his own goods under the pretence that they are goods of another man; he cannot be permitted to practice such a deception, nor to use the means which contribute to the end. He cannot therefore to use names, marks, letters or other indicia by which may induces others to believe, the goods are manufacture by another. Erven Warninch v Townend: Lord Diplock: 5 characteristics: 1) misrepresentation Read MoreEssay on The Battle921 Words   |  4 Pages The bright autumn colors are in contrast with the deep green field. The perfect breeze is kissing the faces of all the people up on the hill. More and more spectators are gathering, like the leaves, as the minutes are passing. The birds are singing, saying good-bye to the passing day. In reality, the day, the excitement, has just begun. Excitement. There’s a single kickoff, and the beauty begins. Lines form. The battle is underway. Players are running, each in sync. A blur of back and white hurtlingRead MoreCreative Writing : My Life824 Words   |  4 Pagesfilm. Students clamoring forming into a jumbled mess as I looked over the sheet of paper in front of me, each question completed. An assigned student walked around and collected them from the class, handed them off to the teacher, and then began passing out quizzes on the film. The room fell silent as those around attempted to focus on the questions. I looked at the sheet for about five seconds before a wave of nausea overtook me, with confusion following in its path. It was not the nausea you’dRead MoreThe Death and Life of Great American Cities Analysis618 Words   |  3 Pagesas people passing by shops to ensure incomes in certain places. Jane Jacobs underlines the importance of time spread, to create balance in the district. The need of short blocks is described with the example of Manhattan, where the use of long blocks segregate walking citizens and isolate people socially as well as economically. She argues that frequent streets and short blocks are more valuable since they provide cross-use of the streets. Most shops are dependant on people passing by each dayRead MoreThe Game at the Arena Essay559 Words   |  3 Pagesnow down to a dull roar, like a spring breeze blowing around leafs. My feet and hands ache from being pounded for nearly three hours. Passing the restrooms, a filthy smell flies through the air. It’s like walking through an old abandoned building that hasn’t been cleaned in years. Finally I step outside, I smell the fresh air and my mind clears. I watch cars passing by as I walk to mine. Some brightly colored and new, others dull and rusted. It seemed that every third car that passed made a sharpRead MoreI Am Philip Roth s The Human Stain2625 Words   |  11 PagesI for thrightly admitted, to deepen his appreciation for my next book. It was a playful, amusing encounter, it lasted ten minutes at most, and was the only such encounter we ever had. We never bothered to have a serious conversation. Badinage in passing was our specialty, with the result that I never learned from Broyard who were his friends or his enemies, did not know where or when he had been born and raised, knew nothing about his economic status in childhood or as an adult, knew nothing of hisRead MorePassing. Passing Is A Transcendental Novel That Its Focus1370 Words   |  6 PagesPassing Passing is a transcendental novel that its focus is not encompassed only in a unique group of people, but embraces and approaches a cross section of diverse categories involving sexuality, gender, â€Å"race,† and class distinction. All the non-accepted characteristics by society converge in Irene and Clare Kendry who are the main characters in Passing. Irene and Clare are Black light-skinned women who show an implicit sexual tension in their comments to each other. Furthermore, they address theirRead MorePassing of Risk1126 Words   |  5 PagesIn all legal system the passing of risk in sold goods is a big problem and an important event in the sale of goods. Once the buyer acquires risk, he become liable for the price even if the goods are lost or damaged. The financial risk of and responsibility for damage or destruction when property is being transferred between a buyer and a seller. The risk includes Peril, danger, the chance of loss or injury. Liability for injury, loss , or damage, by statute placed upon the manufacturer rather thanRead More Passing Essay885 Words   |  4 PagesPassing Nella Larsens novel, Passing, provides an example of some of the best writing the Harlem Renaissance has to offer. Nella Larsen was one of the most promising young writers of her time. Though she only published two novels it is clear that she was one of the most important writers of the Harlem Renaissance movement. Her career as writer probably would have lasted longer, but she was accused of plagiarizing her short story, Sanctuary. She was eventually cleared of any wrongRead MoreEssay on The Personality of Othello1053 Words   |  5 Pages(intentively.) I did consent, And often did beguile her of her tears When I did speak of some distressful stroke That my youth suffered. My story being done, She gave me for my pains a world of (sighs.) She swore, in faith, twas strange, twas passing strange, Twas pitiful, twas wondrous pitiful. She wished she had not heard it, yet she wished That heaven had made her such a man. She thanked me, And bade me, if I had a friend that loved her, I should but teach him how to tell my story,

Obesity in Todays Society Free Essays

For good healthy long life, more energy and greater happiness, among many other benefits, the importance of regular exercise and a proper diet can’t be understated. These two factors together are the most pivotal to determining a person’s overall health, and adopting them both can make a dramatic difference in how you look and feel. Health Benefits According to the U. We will write a custom essay sample on Obesity in Todays Society or any similar topic only for you Order Now S. Department of Health and Human Services, a healthy diet means eating lots of fruits, vegetables, whole grains, low-fat dairy products and lean meats and minimizing the consumption of cholesterol, sodium, sugar and saturated fat. In conjunction with regular exercise, a healthy diet can reduce your risk of heart disease, osteoporosis, type-2 diabetes, high blood pressure and some cancers. For good health , long life, more energy and greater happiness, among many other benefits, the importance of regular exercise and a proper diet can’t be understated. These two factors together are the most pivotal to determining a person’s overall health, and adopting them both can make a dramatic difference in how you look and feel. Health Benefits According to the U. S. Department of Health and Human Services, a healthy diet means eating lots of fruits, vegetables, whole grains, low-fat dairy products and lean meats and minimizing the consumption of cholesterol, sodium, sugar and saturated fat. In conjunction with regular exercise, a healthy diet can reduce your risk of heart disease, osteoporosis, type-2 diabetes, high blood pressure and some cancers. Weight If you’re overweight, eating healthfully and exercising regularly can help you lose weight safely and keep it off. And if you don’t have a weight problem, physical activity and a healthy diet can help you maintain your current weight and reduce your risk of gaining extra weight in future years. Healthy foods are generally lower in calories and higher in nutrients than other foods, and regular physical activity burns off extra calories and keeps your metabolism healthy. Energy According to the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, a combination of working out and eating healthy foods can boost your energy level as well as help you feel more alert and aware, both mentally and physically. Healthy foods give your body the nutrients and vitamins it needs to function at its best, and even though you use calories and energy through physical activity, the process actually increases the total amount of energy you have. Resolved Question Show me another  » Can someone proofread my argumentative essay? Can someone proofread my argumentative essay? Feel free to make changes if needed. P. S. sorry if it seems long†¦ In the United States, many people like to go out to dine at restaurants and fast food places on daily basics. People can turn their head to the right and left and they could see someone next to them who is obese or overweight. â€Å"Approximately 22 million children under five years of age are overweight. During the past three decades, the number of overweight children in the Unites States has more than doubled. In 1983, 18. 6 percent of preschool children in the United States were defined as overweight, and 8. 5 percent were defined as obese; by 2000, 22. 0 percent of preschool children were overweight and 10. 0 percent were obese†(Decklbaum and Williams p. 39S). Childhood obesity is an â€Å"epidemic† in America as many children are either overweight or obese. The reasons for childhood obesity are lack of exercise, healthy eating and nutrition, health problems, and low self-esteem. The lack of exercise and physical activities is one reason for childhood obesity. Therefore, there are many elementary schools that do not have any physical education teachers to teach exercise. Fo r example, many elementary schools would have teachers who have no background in physical education teach students about exercising. Instead, they would tell students to go outside during class time about once a week to play kick ball or softball and that would be their exercise for the week. Another reason for not exercising is technology. Many children do not want to go outside to play with their friends, exercise or do any sport participation. They rather stay at home to chat with their friends over the Internet using Yahoo Messenger or AIM (software programs that allow people to chat with each other). They also rather stay at home and spend hours in front of a television playing video games and watching television shows like Rob and Big, CSI, and Sponge Bob. Television viewing often is considered one of the most modifiable causes of obesity in children. Children spend a substantial part of their lives in front of the television set. Recent parent-report and self-report data from a nationally representative sample of 3155 children indicate that 2- to 7-year-old children in the United States spend an average of approximately 2. 5 hours per day and 8- to 18-year-old children spend an average of about 4. 5 hours per day watching television and playing video games. When these data are combined with typical sleep data from children, it is found that children in the United States are spending more than 25% of their waking hours in front of the television set† This shows that technology is a big influence on why children do not want to exercise or do any physical activities. Many children who are obese in America do not eat healthy or have proper nutrition. Now a day, many parents are busy with work so it is easier for them to drive to McDonald’s or Burger King’s to order some fast food meals along with soft drinks for their children. Instead of cooking a meal and having their children drink water. In addition, these fast food restaurants like McDonald’s would try to convince their customer’s by asking them if they would like to â€Å"Supersize† their meals, so they can have larger portion of French fries and larger soft drink’s that would cost a few cents more. â€Å"As children’s body weights have increased, so has their consumption of fast foods and soft drinks. The proportion of foods that children consumed from restaurants and fast food outlets increased by nearly 300% between 1977 and 1996. Children’s soft drink consumption has also increased during those years, and now soft drinks provide soft drink consumers 188 kcal/d beyond the energy intake of nonconsumers†. Proper nutrition is essential and yet many children are not consuming enough fiber per day. Instead, they are consuming less than 10 grams of fiber per day and less than 25 grams per day during adulthood. â€Å"A 5-year-old child should consume at least 10 g of fiber per day and fiber intake should approach adult levels (20–25 g per day) by 15 years of age. Unfortunately, persons of all ages in the United States eat far fewer than the recommended number of servings of whole-grain products, vegetables, and fruits. In 1994 to 1996, only 3% of individuals 2 years of age consumed 3 daily servings of vegetables (with at least one third being dark green or orange vegetables), whereas only 7% consumed 6 daily servings of grains (with 3 being whole grains). Currently, dietary fiber intake throughout childhood and adolescence averages 12 g/day or 5 g/1000 kcal (4200 kJ), a level of intake that has not changed in the past 30 years. Because total carbohydrate content has increased considerably during this period, most of this increase seems to be in the form of fiber-poor refined grains, starchy vegetables, and sugar-sweetened beverages† Mood Exercise stimulates brain chemicals that help produce feelings of happiness, contentment and relaxation, so you’ll feel better if you workout on a regular basis. According to the Mayo Clinic, physical activity also makes you look better, which is a significant factor in boosting self-confidence and inspiring a satisfied life. Diversification Exercise and healthy eating can help make your life more diverse and interesting. You can seek creative ways to be physically active in your daily life and don’t have to stick with the same exercise routine all the time. The American Cancer Society suggests exercising with co-workers, going dancing with friends, playing on a sports team and spending active time with your kids and family members. Following a healthy diet can also bring up opportunities for home cooking, culinary classes, farmers’ market visits and more fun activities. How to cite Obesity in Todays Society, Essay examples

Marxism and the Truman Show Essay Example

Marxism and the Truman Show Essay The   Truman   Show   has   a   lot   to   say   about   the   culture   and   society   we   live   in   today. It   is   one   of   those    lot.. and   we   ended   up   with   this   presentation,   where   we   shortly   show   how   The   Truman   Show   can   be    and   the   principals   of   Marxism person’s   reality   is   constructed   by   how   they   experience   and   interpret   their   personal   reality,   and   also    believes   that   the   outcome   of   your   experience   is   not   certain   and   universal   but   relative   and   incomplete. It   questions   the   rationalization   of   generally   accepted   ideas   of   certain   groups,   cultures,   traditions   or    races   and   focuses   on   truths   relative   to   each   people. explanation   for   everything   for   everybody   (Faith   and   Reason). 3. Why   is   Truman   Postmodern? shows   how   each   person’s   world   is   relative   to   their   experiences   and   interpretation   of   the   world   around    them. person’s   own   reality   and   creates   meaning   for   them. In   order   to   do   this,   it   creates   a   world   within   a   world   - ­   an   utopian   like   world   within   the   movie. And    throughout   the   movie,   it   exposes   the   structures   of   this   world. It   is   skeptical   about   everything   in    Truman’s   world,   including   the   media,   the   people   he   loves,   his   friends,   the   company   he   works   for,   his    memories,   his   upbringing,   his   aspirations,   his   home   and   his   habits. Through   this   perfect,   constructed   world,   it   tries   to   show   how   our   own   world   is   constructed   similarly    are   constantly   at   work   to   create   his   world. . What   is   Hyper- ­reality? Hyperreality   can   be   described   as   the   failure   of   the   consciousness   to   draw   distinctions   between   reality    and   fantasy,   especially   in   technologically   advanced   progressed   postmodern   cul tures   as   we   live   in    today. (Hyperreality. 2010)   Cultural   representations   are   not   measured   against   a   particular   human    reality,   but   become   automatically   accepted   in   the   culture. representation,   mirroring   a articular   real,   but   it   is   now   a   Ã¢â‚¬Å"model   of   a   real   without   any   origin†   and   that    is   the   hyperreal. So   there   is   no   longer   a   real,   and   a   representation,   it   is   only   the   hyperreal   that   exists    and   alters   the   real   (Baudrillard   1988). This   hyperreal   is   produced   from   ideas   from   people’s   memory   storage   and   authoritative   models,   which    allows   the   hyperreal   to   not   make   sense   or   be   rational,   because   it   is   not   meas ured   against   an   original representation   still   leaves   the   real   complete. We will write a custom essay sample on Marxism and the Truman Show specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Marxism and the Truman Show specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Marxism and the Truman Show specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer But   because   the   simulation   produces   signs   of   the    real,   the   real   loses   its   meaning   and   can   not   be   accepted   as   the   truth   anymore,   because   it   can   be    simulated   (Baudrillard   1988). This   simulation   with   its   system   of   signs   has   the   ability   to   Ã¢â‚¬Å"murder†   the   real. In   today’s   world,   people    2 think   that   a   sign   could   refer   to   a   meaning,   and   have   depth   of   meaning. In   other   words,   that   the   sign    could   exchange   for   meaning. that   murders   the   real,   because   the   real   never   has   to   be   produced   again   (Baudrillard   1988). s   relevant   because   of   the   sign   exchange   value. The   one   brand   may   show   that   the   product   is    fashionable   and   the   other   brand   advertises/sells   wealth,   thus   consumerism   can   be   seen   as   a    important   contributing   factor   to   the   creation   of   hyperreality. Hyperreality   deceives   the   consciousness    into   breaking   free   from   any   real   emotional   commitment   rather   choosing   false   simulation   and   nonstop    the   temporary   simulacrum   of   reality,   rather   than   any   affection   on   the   Ã¢â‚¬Å"real†   reality   (Hyperreality   2010). There   are   three   orders   of   simulacra. and   the   simulacrum   tries   to   portray   an   ideal   image   of   the   real. For   example   a   painting,   photoshopped    image   of   someone,   fashion,   theatre. BUT   the   original   still   exists   and   exposes   the   fake The   second   order,   the   Ã¢â‚¬Å"Production†,   dominant   in   the   industrial   era   Ã¢â‚¬Å"up   to   the   middle   of   the   20th    as   the   original)   but   we   can   still distinguish   between   the   real   and   the   copy. The   third   order,   in   the   present   age   is   the   Ã¢â‚¬Å"simulations†:   they   have   no   original. They   produce   the    model   Ã¢â‚¬Å"of   a   real   without   origin   of   reality†   and   this   produces   the   hyperreal. This   is   where   the   death   of    - ­   hyperreality. Examples:   virtual   realities,   Disneyland,   opinion   polls,   media,   Ã¢â‚¬Å"nike   sneakers   as   status    symbols†. (Mann   2010) 5. â€Å"The   Truman   Show†   movie   and   hyperreality       5. 1   Why   is   TV   a   hyperreality                The   television   screen   is   a   hyperreality   and   I   will   explain   how   Baudrillard   tries   to   argue   this. They   weren’t   necessarily   an   honest   representation   of   reality,   but   they   were   honest   about   being   based    on   a   reality   and   we   could   distinguish   between   the   reality   and   the   representation   (King   1998). For   Baudrillard,   with   the   television,   a   cultural   revolution   took   place   where   the   representations   are    not   related   anymore   to   a   particular   reality. Baudrillard   argues   that   a   live   scene   is   still   connected   to   a    reality   and   can   still   be   interpreted   and   compared   to   something   real   in   order   to   show   how   incomplete   it    is. But   not   with   a   television   screen   (King   1998). He   says   that   the   television   blocks   all   interpretation   from   the   viewer,   because   TV   is   automatically    translated   in   the   viewer’s   mind. The   process   of   interpreting,   reading   and   participating   is   eliminated   in    â€Å"the   hyperreality   of   television†   because   we   are   passive   witnesses   (King   1998). 5. 2   Why   is   reality   shows   and   Ã¢â‚¬Å"The   Truman   Show   a   hyperreality? The   reality   show   Ã¢â‚¬Å"The   Truman   Show†   within   the   movie   is   a   hyperreality,   because   it   tries   to   be   more    real   than   real. Reality   shows   in   general   are   hyperrealities   because   of   the   fact   that   it   claims   to   be 3 behaviour   and   the   footage   is   always   selective   (King   1998). But,   in   Ã¢â‚¬Å"Truman   Show†   Truman   does   not   know   of   the   cameras   and   the   footage   is   24/7   playing. Does    this   then   make   the   reality   show   Ã¢â‚¬Å"Truman   Show†   more   real   than   other   reality   TV   shows. No, because    the   people   in   Truman’s   life   (the   cast   of   the   Truman   Show)   know   that   there   are   cameras. Also,   the    watching   him,   everything   around   him   that   makes   him   who   he   is,   is   part   of   a   construction   of   the   Reality    show. So,   when   this   reality   show   claims   to   portray   the   real   of   Truman,   it   kills   the   real   (that   is   it   kills   the    real   Truman. When   it   asks   the   people   watching   Ã¢â‚¬Å"The   Truman   Show†   to   accept   that   what   they   are    seeing   is   the   honest   and   true   life   of   Truman,      it   demands   that   the   actual   Truman,   how   he   would   be    outside   of   this   show,   does   not   exist. He   can   only   be   Ã¢â‚¬Å"real†   inside   this   the   dome   which   is   Seahaven    Island. It   then   kills   his   Ã¢â‚¬Å"real†   ambitions,   interests,   fears   and   personality   because   it   claims   that   only   his    ambitions,   interests,   fears,   personality   and   ultimately   Truman’s   identity   on   the   show   is   what   is   only    real   that   exists. This   is   directly   true   for   all   of   the   people   or   the   cast   living   with   Truman   in   Seahaven   island. The   cast    does   not   have   the   same   identities   the   moment   they   exit   the   show   (or   the   dome   that   is   Seahaven)   - ­   for    example   the   wife   is   only   his   wife,   while   she   is   in   truman   show,   outside   the   dome   - ­   who   is   she   then? 5. 3   Why   is   The   Truman   Show,   so   appealing   to   the   average   person It   is   a   reality   show   of   a   really   average   man   living   in   a   plain,   average   city   or   island. His   life   isn’t   very    exciting   and   consists   out   of   the   average   events   and   mundane   routines. So   why   do   the   people   keep    on   watching   it? For   Baudrillard,   reality   TV   Ã¢â‚¬Å"increases   our   fascination   with   the   obscene†   that   is   the   thirst   for   Ã¢â‚¬Å"the    invasion   of   privacy†   (Chin- ­Yi   2007) Baudrillard   argues   how   reality   television   shows   how   people   desire   the   display   of   banality   or   the    cliche. There   is   this   explosion   of   interest   in   daily   life. People   are   fascinated   with   the   pointless,    mundane   aspects   and   events   of   daily   life   on   the   TV,   because   of   the   boredom   of   our   own   lives. When unplanned   events,   spontaneous   and   Ã¢â‚¬Å"authentic†   and   often   showing   unpleasant   aspects   of   the    person’s   life   (Chin- ­Yi   2007). as   if   they   are   really   gazing   at   the   people   in   the   show   and   makes   the   viewer   able   to   be   part   of   the    â€Å"production   of   meaning†   of   the show. This   is   used   in   Big   Brother   in   the   form   of   the   participants’    â€Å"confessional   diaries†   and   in   American   Idol   when   the   public   can   vote   to   alter   the   outcome   of   the   show    (Chin- ­Yi   2007). In   the   Truman   Show,   cameras   are   placed   strategically   so   that,   as   in   the   Big   Brother’s   Ã¢â‚¬Å"confessional    diaries†,   Truman   looks   directly   into   the   camera   and   makes   the   viewer   feel   as   if   they   are   really   gazing    back   at   him. Reality   TV   and   Ã¢â‚¬Å"The   Truman   Show†   operates   as   a   perfect   model. â€Å"The   Truman   Sow†   is   a    representing   a   real   world   or   place. It   is   made   to   be   better,   safer   and   happier   than   any   reality   - ­   more    perfect,   more   controlled. Show†   believe   that   actual   reality   is   elsewhere. They   watch   with   the   idea   that   their   lives   is   the   real,   the    mundane   and   the   Reality   show   is   what   they   should   strive   to   and   what   is   more   interesting. It   is   the    4 perfectness   of   the   world,   the   orderlyness,   the   synchronization,   construction   that   fascinates   the   people    people   switch   on   the   TV   and   they   can   Ã¢â‚¬Å"become   part   of   his   life†   or   be   transported   into   his   life. This   process   murders   the   real   of   the   people   watching   Ã¢â‚¬Å"The   Truman   Show†. Because   they   watch    â€Å"The   Truman   Show†   with   the   idea   that   the   boring,   mundane   world   is   the   world   they   live   in,   it   murders    their   own   reality. Seahaven   Island   is   actually   the   Ã¢â‚¬Å"real†   world   - ­   a   miniaturised,   utopian   Ã¢â‚¬Å"real†   America,    because   it   contains   the   ideology   of   America   and   what   Americans   hold   high. It   conceals   that   it   is   the    real   world   and   is   therefor   presented   as   a   fake,   safe,   happier   than   happy   place. The   rest   of   the   world    is   no   longer   real,   because   it   is   part   of   the   Ã¢â‚¬Å"order   of   the   hyperreal†   - ­   it   becomes   part   of   the   simulation . Marxism   Theory of   econom ic   management   which   results   to   the   oppression   of   the   proletariat,   who   ad   up   to   the   most   of    the   world’s   inhabitants   and   dedicate   most   of   their   life   labouring   for   the   advantage   of the   bourgeoisie. Marxism   today   regularly   has   more   remarkable   things   to   say   about   Ã¢â‚¬Å"culture,   consciousness,†   and    associated   problems   that   it   does   about   economics   (Berger   2005). There   are      a   few   basic   principles   of   Marxism   that   comes   accross   in   Ã¢â‚¬Å"The   Truman   Show†   and   can   be    used   to   analyse   this   movie 6.   Materialism Marxist   ideas   are   known   as   being   materialistic. Marx   underlined   the   connection   between   society   and    our   consciou sness. The   mode   of   production   is   everything   that   goes   into   producing   the   necessities    of   material   life   as   in   economic   relations,   Ã¢â‚¬Å"labor,   instruments,   raw   materials†,   social   structures   that    regulate   humans   in   the   production   of   goods,   how   we   produce   goods   and   what   we   produce;;   this   all    determines   our   thoughts,   our   consciousness   and   how   we   express   our   lives. So   our   social   being    comes   before   our   consciousness   (Felluga   2011). Marx   suggests   that   there   is   an   Ã¢â‚¬Å"inner   logic   at   work†   which   means   the   economic   system   shapes    So   our   ideas   are   not   completely   our   own,   but   affected   by   the   media   (Berger   2005). his   day   revolves   around   his   occupation. Obviously   with   the   motivation   to   earn   money,   which   is   a    of   the   morals   and   rules   that   is   set   up. For   Truman,   this   is   also   true   because   his   public   social   image   was   constructed   before   he   gained    consciousness   as   a   person. The   moment   he   was   born   he   was   chosen   to   Ã¢â‚¬Å"star†   in   this   reality   tv   show    and   from   thereon   everything   in   his   life   was   previously   determined   and   controlled   by   the   creators   of    the   show. with   messages   aimed   at   giving   Truman   certain   ideas. These   ideas   help   secures   Truman   in   his   world And   lastly,   by   setting   up   events   in   order   to   mold   Truman’s   fears   and   ambitions,   one   of   them   being   an    incident   where   Truman   and   his   father   sailed   out   to   sea   when   he   was   small,   and   his   father   supposedly    got   swept   away   by   the   sea,   which   made   Truman   scared   of   water   ever   since. 5 to   get   to,   we   know   he   show   has   created   his   fear   of   water   and his   occupation   uses   this   to   gain   control    over   him   so   that   he   would   stay   in   his   place. Warts   also   mentions   that   the   company   is   making   cut    than   your   teeth   if   you   don’t   meet   your   quota†- ­   so   here   are   limitations   that   is   set   up   by   his   work,   these    a   things   he   has   to   adapt   with   and   determines   the   decisions   he   will   make   in   future. These   examples   used   in   the   reality   show   is   symbolic   for   how   the   economic   system   and   mode   of    production   shapes   our   consciousness. The   media   also   gives   us   ideas   that   shapes   our   lives. f   the   individual   realizing   how   he   is   being   induced   with   materialistic   ideas   and   make   contrasting    decisions   (Berger   2005). This   idea   is   illustrated   in   multiple   instances   in   The   Truman   Show   where   Truman   suddenly   starts    questioning   the   intention   of   the   people   around   him   and   the   messages   being   bombarded   at   him. 6. 2   False   consciousness   and   ideology    wealthy   and   maintains   them   in   their   current   ruling   position   and   makes   it   hard   for   normal   people   to    extend   of   false   consciousness   (Berger   2005). In   the   reality   show,   Truman,   trough- ­out   his   life   literally   accepts   a   false   consciousness   provided   by    the   ruling   class,   in   this   case   the   creators   of   the   show,      that   keeps   him   from   realizing   his   real   situation    and   maintains   their   superiority   over   him. Truman   life   is   seen   as   the   noble   life,as   his   wife   tells   in   her    interview,   as   no   different   to   real   life   and   this   must   be   seen   as   natural   way   of   living,   or   the   right   way    a   family,   pay   your   house   mortgage   and   live   a   mediocre   life. hese   things   are   seen   as   the   right   and    sensible   ways   of   living   but   in   the   end   only   oppresses      the   proletariat   leads   to   stand   up   to   the   ruling    class. His   life   serves   again   as   a   symbol   of   how   we   are   affected   by   ruling   class   ideologies   that   affects   our    â€Å"whatever   is,   is   right†   (Berger   2005). 6. 3   Alienation This   term   Ã¢â‚¬Å"alien†   suggests   a   Ã¢â‚¬Å"stranger   in   society†   that   has   no   relation   to   anyone   else. This   principle   implies   that   the   work   is   something   outside   of   the   worker   and   it   is   not   a   part   of   his/her    of   sadness,he/she   is   physically   tired   and   mentally   corrupt. This   alienation   causes   them   to   view   their work   as   work   for   someone   else,   and   not   their   own   work   so   that   he   belongs   to   someone   else   when   he    his/her   sadness,   with   advertising   it   creates   a   desire   to   consume   more,   cause   the   people   to   work   more    intensely   (Berger   2005). Truman   experiences   the   feeling   of   alienation   in   his   work. His   work,   becomes   the   symbol   of   routine    progression. Each   morning   plays   out   exactly   the   same:   Truman   greets   the   same   people   in   the   same    spots,   buys   a   newspaper,   greets   more   people   and   walks   through   the   doors   of   the   insurance   company    he   works   for,   all   of   this   happens   to   the   tune   of   classical   music. Although   Truman   seems   happy,    he   says   things   like   Ã¢â‚¬Å"I’mnot   that   eager   to   get   there†   which   suggests   he   also   feels   alienated   by   his 6 is   distracted   from   his   work. His   routine   and   his   work   serves   to   keep   the   people   watching   Truman,   in   their   working   class   positions,    to   also   work   hard   in   order   to   consume. He   doesn’t   go   on   spontaneous   vacations   and   when   he   tries    they   try   to   stop   him. This   also   encourages   people   to   rather   stay   where   they   are   and   work   hard,   rather    6. 4   The   consumer   society Advertising   is   important   in   the   developed   capitalist   societies   for   the   reason   that   is   essential   to    encourage   people   to   work   hard   so   that   they   can   spend   more   money   to   buy   things. Advertising    maintain   the   consumer   culture   (Berger   2005). Advertising   and   product   placement   is   used   throughout   The   Truman   Show,   which   creates   the   false    need   in   people   watching   the   show   to   buy   the   products   in   order   to   achieve   the   perfect   lifestyle   with    work   hard   in   order   to   buy   all   the   things   they   see   on   the   show. 6. 5   Bourgeois   heroes: Heroic   characters   such   as   men,   women   and   animals   hat   play   roles   in      television   series,comic   books,    are   created   to   maintain   the   ideology   of   a   capitalist   society   which   helps   to   keep   Ã¢â‚¬Å"consumer   lust†   high. For   people   heroes   are   the   role   models   that   they   can   copy   and   which   gives   them   identity. One   of   the    concepts   that   bourgeois   heroes   promote   is   individualism,   which   has   a   link to   alienation. For   Marxists    tough,   the   hero   should   be   the   p though   he   is   part   of   the   working   class,   proletariat,   his   image   is   marketed   as   someone   who   supports    consumerism   and   is   contempt   with   their   everyday   routines   in   life. These   are   characterizations   of   a    ruling   class   ideology. In   other   words,   the   way   in   which   they   market   Truman   Burbank   as   a   person    (which   is   not   necessarily   his   true   ideals)   supports   the   ideology   of   the   ruling   class   and   help   keep    consumer   lust   high. to   break   out   of   the   chains   of   the   creater   of   the   show,   which   is   the   symbol   for   consumerism   and   the    ruling   class   ideas. In   the   scene   where   Truman   is   sailing   on   the   boat,   trying   to   sail   away   from   his   home,   the   show’s    creator   and   his   panel   capture   him   in   a   Ã¢â‚¬Å"hero   shot†. This   shot   is   contradictory   to   the   way   they   have    been   promoting   Truman   before   - ­   someone   who   consumes   passively   and   accepts   their   reality. The    creator   probably   didnt   think   that   Truman   would   really   escape   the   dome,   and   would   maybe   sail   out    looking   like   a   hero,   but   then   turn   around   because   according   to   the   creator   Truman   Ã¢â‚¬Å"ultimately   prefers    his   world†. person’s   reality   which   is   shown   with   the   help   of   theories   such   as   hyperreality   and   Marxism. It   makes    us   question   our   identity,   desires   and   ideas   and   if   we   are   ultimately   shaped   and   controlled   by   ruling    powers. 7 7. Bibliography: Baudrillard,   J. 1988. Simulations   and   Simulacra. In:   Poster,   M. (ed). Jean   Baudrillard,   Selected    Writings. Stanford:   Stanford   University   Press. Chin- ­Yi,   C. 2007. Hyperreality   and   the   question   of   agency   and   the   phenomenon   of   reality   television. Felluga,   D. F. 2011. Mode   of   Production   (Marx)   [online]. Available   from: http://www. cla. purdue. edu/ english/theory/marxism/terms/modeofproduction. html      [Accessed   5   April   2011]. Faith   and   Reason. Postmodernism   [online]. Available   from:   http://www. pbs. org/faithandreason/ gengloss/index- ­frame. html. [Accessed   29   March   2011]. Hyperreality. 2010. Bookrags   [online]. Available   from         http://www. bookrags. com/wiki/Hyperreality    [Accessed   12   March   2010] King,   A. 1998. A   critique   of   Baudrillard’s   hyperreality:   towards   a   sociology   of   postmodernism. In:    Philosophy      Social   Criticism. Sage. 47- ­66. Mann,   D. 2010. Jean   Baudrillard:   A   Very   Short   Introduction   [online]. Available   from:   http://publish. uwo. ca/~dmann/baudrillard1. htm   [Accessed   29   March   2011]. 2008. YouTube. THE   TRUMAN   SHOW   - ­   HQ   Trailer   (   1998   )   [online]      Available   from:   http://www. youtube. com/watch? v=NkZM2oWcleM   [Accessed   11   April   2011] 8

Effects of and Solutions for Human Overpopulation

Effects of and Solutions for Human Overpopulation Human overpopulation is an animal rights issue as well as an environmental issue and a human rights issue. Human activities, including mining, transportation, pollution, agriculture, development, and logging, take habitat away from wild animals as well as kill animals directly. These activities also contribute to climate change, which threatens even the most remote wild habitats on this planet and our own survival. According to a survey of the faculty at the SUNY College of Environmental Science and Forestry in April of 2009, overpopulation is the worlds worst environmental problem. Dr. Charles A. Hall went so far as to say, â€Å"Overpopulation is the only problem.† Definition Overpopulation occurs when a population has exceeded its carrying capacity. Carrying capacity is the maximum number of individuals of a species that can exist in a habitat indefinitely without threatening other species in that habitat. It would be difficult to argue that humans are not threatening other species. Current Estimates and Projections According to the U.S. Census, there were six billion people in the world in 1999. On October 31, 2011, we hit seven billion. Although growth is slowing, our population continues to grow and will reach nine billion by 2048. Paul Ehrlich and Anne Ehrlich, authors of â€Å"The Population Explosion,† explain: The entire planet and virtually every nation is already vastly overpopulated. Africa is overpopulated now because, among other indications, its soils and forests are rapidly being depleted- and that implies that its carrying capacity for human beings will be lower in the future than it is now. The United States is overpopulated because it is depleting its soil and water resources and contributing mightily to the destruction of global environmental systems. Europe, Japan, the Soviet Union, and other rich nations are overpopulated because of their massive contributions to the carbon dioxide buildup in the atmosphere, among many other reasons. More than 80% of the world’s old growth forests have been destroyed, wetlands are being drained for real estate development, and demands for biofuels take much-needed arable land away from crop production. Life on earth is currently experiencing its sixth major extinction, and we are losing an estimated 30,000 species per year. The most famous major extinction was the fifth one, which occurred about 65 million years ago and wiped out the dinosaurs. The major extinction that we are now facing is the first that is caused not by an asteroid collision or other natural causes, but by a single species- humans. Effects of Conservation Consuming less may be a way for us to live within the carrying capacity of the planet, but as Paul Ehrlich and Anne Ehrlich explain, â€Å"Overpopulation is defined by the animals that occupy the turf, behaving as they naturally behave, not by a hypothetical group that might be substituted for them.† We should not use the hope or the plan to reduce our consumption as an argument that humans are not overpopulated. While reducing our consumption is important, worldwide, per capita energy consumption increased from 1990 to 2005, so the trend does not look good. Lesson from Easter Island The effects of human overpopulation have been documented in the history of Easter Island, where a human population with finite resources was nearly wiped out when their consumption increased beyond what the island could sustain. An island once lush with diverse plant and animal species and fertile volcanic soil became nearly uninhabitable 1,300 years later. The population peak on the island has been estimated between 7,000 and 20,000 people. Trees were cut down for firewood, canoes, and wooden sleds for transporting the carved stone heads for which the island is known. Because of deforestation, the islanders lacked the resources necessary to make ropes and seaworthy canoes. Fishing from shore was not as effective as fishing out on the ocean. Also, without canoes, the Islanders had nowhere to go. They wiped out sea birds, land birds, lizards, and snails. Deforestation also led to erosion, which made it difficult to grow crops. Without adequate food, the population crashed. A rich and complex society that erected now-iconic stone monuments was reduced to living in caves and resorted to cannibalism. How did they let this happen? Author Jared Diamond speculates The forest the islanders depended on for rollers and rope didnt simply disappear one day-it vanished slowly, over decades... In the meantime, any islander who tried to warn about the dangers of progressive deforestation would have been overridden by vested interests of carvers, bureaucrats, and chiefs, whose jobs depended on continued deforestation. Our Pacific Northwest loggers are only the latest in a long line of loggers to cry, Jobs over trees! Potential Solutions The situation is urgent. Lester Brown, President of Worldwatch,  stated in 1998, The question is not whether population growth will slow in the developing countries, but whether it will slow because societies quickly shift to smaller families or because ecological collapse and social disintegration caused death rates to rise. The most important thing we as individuals can do is choose to have fewer children. While cutting back on your personal consumption of resources is laudable and may reduce your environmental footprint by 5%, 25%, or maybe even 50%, having a child will double your footprint, and having two children will triple your footprint. It is virtually impossible to compensate for reproducing by consuming less yourself. Although most of the population growth over the next few decades  will take place in Asia and Africa, global overpopulation is as much a problem for â€Å"developed† countries as it is for third world countries. Americans constitute only five percent of the world’s population, but consume 26% of the world’s energy. Because we consume so much more than most people around the world, we can have the most impact when we choose to have fewer children or no children. Internationally, the United Nations Population Fund works for gender equality, access to birth control, and the education of women. According to the  UNFPA, â€Å"Some 200 million women who would like to use contraceptives lack access to them.† Women should be educated not only about family  planning but also generally. World Watch has found, â€Å"In every society where data are available, the more education women have the fewer children they bear.† Similarly, the Center for Biological  Diversity  campaigns for the empowerment of women, education of all people, universal access to birth control and a societal commitment to ensuring that all species are given a chance to live and thrive. Additionally, raising public awareness is essential. While many environmental organizations focus on small steps with which few can disagree, the topic of human overpopulation is much more controversial. Some claim that there is no problem, while others might see it as solely a third world problem. As with any other animal rights issue, raising public awareness will empower individuals to make informed choices. Potential Human Rights Violations The solution to human overpopulation cannot include human rights violations.  China’s  one-child  policy, though arguably successful in curbing population growth, has led to  human rights violations  ranging from forced sterilizations to forced abortions and infanticide. Some population control proponents advocate offering financial incentives for people not to reproduce, but this incentive would target the poorest segment of society, resulting in racially and economically disproportionate population control. These unjust results cannot be part of a viable solution to human overpopulation.

Virginia Military Institute (VMI) Admissions Data

Virginia Military Institute (VMI) Admissions Data The Virginia Military Institute is a selective school that accepts roughly half of applicants each year. See what makes it unique and what it takes to attend this college. About VMI Established in 1839, the Virginia Military Institute is the oldest public military college in the United States and one of the countrys six Senior Military Colleges (with The Citadel, NGCSU, Norwich University, Texas AM, and Virginia Tech). VMI is not for everyone, and students should be ready for a disciplined and demanding college environment (new cadets are called Rats). Unlike students at the U.S. military academies, students at the Virginia Military Institute are not required to serve in the armed forces after graduation. VMI ranks highly among public undergraduate institutions, and the schools engineering programs are particularly strong. In athletics, most teams of the VMI Keydets compete in the NCAA Division I Southern Conference. Will you get in if you apply? ​Calculate your chances of getting in with this free tool from Cappex. Admissions Data (2017) Virginia Military Institute Acceptance Rate: 53Â  percentGPA, SAT and ACT graph for VMITest Scores: 25th / 75th PercentileSAT Critical Reading: 560 / 640SAT Math: 540 / 640What these SAT numbers meanSouthern Conference SAT score comparisonTop Virginia colleges SAT comparisonACT Composite: 23 / 28ACT English: 22 / 28ACT Math: 23Â  / 27What these ACT numbers meanSouthern Conference ACT score comparisonTop Virginia colleges ACT comparison Enrollment (2017) Total Enrollment: 1,722Â  (all undergraduate)Gender Breakdown: 88 percent male / 12 percent female100 percent Full-time Costs (2017–18) Tuition and Fees: $18,214 (in-state); $43,902 (out-of-state)Books: $1,000 (why so much?)Room and Board: $9,236Other Expenses: $2,150Total Cost: $30,600 (in-state); $56,288 (out-of-state) Virginia Military Institute Financial Aid (2016–17) Percentage of New Students Receiving Aid: 89Â  percentPercentage of New Students Receiving Types of AidGrants: 69 percentLoans: 76Â  percentAverage Amount of AidGrants: $14,434Loans: $8,265 Academic Programs Most Popular Majors: Civil Engineering, Economics, History, International Relations, Mechanical Engineering, PsychologyWhat major is right for you? Sign up to take the free My Careers and Majors Quiz at Cappex. Graduation and Retention Rates First Year Student Retention (full-time students): 87Â  percentTransfer-out Rate: 20 percent4-Year Graduation Rate: 63Â  percent6-Year Graduation Rate: 77Â  percent Intercollegiate Athletic Programs Mens Sports: Football, Lacrosse, Rifle, Soccer, Baseball, Basketball, WrestlingWomens Sports: Rifle, Water Polo, Swimming, Track and Field, Soccer If You Like VMI, You May Also Like These Schools Old Dominion University: Profile | GPA-SAT-ACT GraphJames Madison University: Profile | GPA-SAT-ACT GraphUniversity of North Georgia: ProfileERAU - Daytona Beach: Profile | GPA-SAT-ACT GraphCollege of William Mary: Profile | GPA-SAT-ACT GraphNorth Carolina State University: Profile | GPA-SAT-ACT GraphUS Naval Academy: Profile | GPA-SAT-ACT Graph Virginia Military Institute Mission Statement mission statement from vmi.edu/about/ It is the mission of those at Virginia Military Institute to develop educated, honorable men and women, prepared for the varied work of civil life, imbued with love of learning, confident in the functions and attitudes of leadership, possessing a high sense of public service, advocates of the American democracy and free enterprise system, and ready as citizen-soldiers to defend their country in time of national peril. Data Source: National Center for Education Statistics

Exam answer Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Exam answer - Essay Example This a special type of field-effect transistor that is made by depositing thin layers of an active semi-conductor and dielectric layers contacts over a supporting substrate that is commonly glass. c)OLED: organic light-emitting diode. It is a LED where in response to a current, the emissive electroluminescent layer which is a film of organic compound emits light. OLEDs are used in the creation of digital displays in TV screens as well as computer monitors. Figure 1 shows the occurrence of visual distortion when anti-aliasing it not used. The image is hard to recognize, and it is not appealing. In figure 2, the edges appear smoother. Anti-aliasing is used in the blending of the pixels of a graphic. As s result, it is applied in rendering the text on a computer screen have a smooth contour for easy visibility. 4.Technology: many public-use touch screens such as kiosks make us of projective capacitive touch since it is a representation of only a flat glass surface. This assists in cleaning along with aesthetics. 6. It is almost impossible to accurately approximate the contrast ratio of the monitor by making use of the naked eye. As a result, the manufacturers usually inflate the numbers to some unrealistic values. The saturated colours are generated by having full or zero reflectance at any given wavelength. In the CIE chromaticity diagram, the U-shaped area that is surrounded by the dotted lines shows the range of colours that are visible to the human being’s naked eye. 9. A radiance meter measures the amount of light given off by a source. As a luminance, one needs to adjust the levels of light to the source as well as the whole surface area of the source of light. As a result, the value that represents all the light that is given off at a particular time. As chrominance meter, adjustments need to be made so that the meter would only detect specific ranges of wavelength and establish their values independently. This is because the white light emitted

Iago, when No One is Looking Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Iago, when No One is Looking - Essay Example Iago's soliloquies and asides, in contrast to his speeches in the presence of other characters, reveals quite clearly his deceitfulness and self-disguise. The audience is not duped for a moment, as, through dramatic irony and our privileged position, we come see that he is engaged in "double-knavery" (1.2.318), and not at all the "honest and true" Iago that others believe him to be. The audience would be amazed at the absolute faith that the character have in Iago's honesty, which we know to be a lie even from his first appearance onstage. Iago's aim throughout the play is to "blacken" Othello's reputation to match the latter's face, in revenge for what he sees as a slight in Othello's appointing Cassio lieutenant over him. In his first soliloquy in Act I, scene iii, he gives three motives for his plotting: to fatten his purse (1.2.308), "to get [Cassio's] place" as lieutenant (1.2.318), and to make "sport" on Othello whom he hates (1.2.311). He later admits that he is somewhat in love with Desdemona, and reiterates his suspicion that "the lusty Moor/ Hath leap'd into [his] seat; the thought whereof/Doth gnaw at [his] inwards" (2.1.310-14), and that one of his motives is to be avenged "wife for wife" (2.1.315). Jealousy, susJealousy, suspicion and envy are not only key motives to Iago's actions, but are key elements of his character, as his soliloquies reveal. Not only does he harbor unfounded suspicions that Othello "hath done office 'twixt [his] sheets" (1.2.312-313), he suggests that Cassio also is likely to cuckold him (2.2.320). He gives a further reason for his jealousy of Cassio, who "hath a daily beauty in his life/That makes [him, Iago] ugly" (5.1.19-20). It is not surprising then, that the method he employs to embroil Othello in jealousy is based on the working of his own suspicious mind, where "mere suspicion /Will do as if for surety" (1.2.314-15). On the other hand, his soliloquies reveal that he is an astute observer of character. He knows people's nature well, and thus is able to use their weaknesses and foibles to his advantage. For example, he shows keen insight into the relationship between Othello and Desdemona, in particular the latter's influence on her husband. As a result, he plans to manipulate Desdemona's liberal tongue and goodness to "enmesh them all" (2.3.366) and "turn her virtue into pitch" (2.3.364). He is also aware of Othello's own insecurities, and inferiority complex due to his race. Despite the fact that Desdemona, "had eyes, and chose [him]", Othello is convinced that she is unfaithful and gives as a reason: Haply, for I am black And have not those soft parts of conversation That chamberers have, or for I am declined Into the vale of years (3.1.402-5), giving Iago fodder to work on his jealousy. Knowing that Cassio cannot hold drink, Iago manipulates him into drinking himself "full of quarrel and offence" (2.3.48), which action will lead him to a fight not becoming to his station, discrediting him in Othello's eyes, and allowing Iago to have the coveted position. He also reveals the means by which he will achieve his "monstrous" ends: by insinuating false motives to Cassio, who is handsome, charming, "framed to make women false" (1.2.323). Iago soliloquies further reveal his real thoughts about these

Importance Of Geographic Profiling

Importance Of Geographic Profiling This paper shall give a comprehensive discussion about the importance of geographic profiling to aid in investigative methods employed by government agents and police officers in pinpointing predatory criminals. The sophistication of the techniques in crime scene investigation have kept pace with the rapid development in the tools and technologies used in the field, and this has enabled police authorities to employ a variety of methods to help them pinpoint perpetrators in the most accurate, efficient and timely way. The renewed public interest in the formerly esoteric field of forensic science has been sparked by a series of television shows that are focused mainly on the techniques and tools used by crime scene investigators in the course of their daily work. For example, Coetzee (2008) noted the popular TV series Crime Scene Investigation (CSI) in all its different seasons have helped to throw some light into the work performed by crime scene investigators. As has already been mentioned, new and more sophisticated ways of doing crime scene investigation is being designed every day. On the one hand, this is meant to keep up with the developments in the field of forensic science. On a more practical note, however, developing new techniques and tools will help police authorities to clear their cases faster and more efficiently and allow them to stay on top of all their assignments. Likewise, the reality is that more and more perpetrators are employing more covert methods to keep themselves out of the reach of the law, and so police investigators must be able to devise ways to speed up the proceedings of their cases in such a way as to effect speedy justice. There are various ways by which crimes are solved, and it is by no means only the police investigator who is responsible for the successful closure of a criminal case. The investigation of a crime involves a wide array of activities and areas of expertise, such as DNA profiling to examine shoe prints, toxicology and handwriting analysis (Sjerps, 2008). Other scientific experts are also routinely called upon to testify in court depending on the nature and circumstances involved in the crime at bar. The solution to a crime starts with the crucial information that a dutiful crime scene investigator can offer (Coetzee, 2008). He or she identifies, interprets, and provides the necessary clues and leads for the investigator in charge to follow. The ever-increasing importance of the detection and identification of physical evidence left in a crime scene in order to bring about a successful prosecution also underscores the critical nature of a crime scene investigators work. The Locard principle-that every contact leaves a trace-is the primary assumption on which crime scene investigation rests. Thus, when two objects come together, there will inevitably be mutual contamination and it is through the proper tracing and identification of these contamination points that crimes can be possibly solved. Trace evidence is any object that can be brought back to police laboratories that may help investigators determine who committed a crime and why (Thompson, 2006). Because of the critical nature of the evidence, they must be preserved properly and analyzed accurately in order to withstand the rigors of court examination. An investigator may probably be able to work with very small amounts of trace evidence, but the persistence and purity of such evidence is important for him or her to cull crucial information from the same. Whether or not they criminals are aware of it, they actually leave something in the surroundings, while at the same time taking something with them from their contact with the victim or the objects at the crime scene. Traces of contact evidence are also very different to detect with the naked eye, and that is why criminals cannot always erase all the evidence that they leave behind. These traces are important for the crime scene investigator to find, tag and identify. They are sometimes referred to as silent evidence as they point out crucial leads that the investigators can follow by giving material bases for the leads that they follow throughout the investigation (Kaza, n.d.). Some of the most common types of trace evidence found at the crime scene include bloodstains, paint, hair, textile fibers, and glass fragments. Microscopic particles are also important because they may give clues as to what is inherently a part of the surroundings in which the crime took place and what is linked to the crime committed. There are times, however, when the perpetrator leaves traces that are hard to analyze in order to gain a probable physical description of him. For this reason, criminal investigators employ a variety of other methods that are not dependent on tangible evidence left behind by the perpetrator, relying instead on the behavioural patterns and the modus operandi of the suspect to gain a clue as to his possible whereabouts, his state of mind, and hopefully his next supposed victim. The idea is therefore to read such intangible clues and get into the mind of the perpetrator to prevent him from committing another crime and hurting another person. While these information may not be helpful in the actual prosecution of the case, they would oftentimes lead the police officers into valuable leads that can help them track down the suspect. Among the non-physical evidence based methods used by criminal investigators are criminal profiling and, more recently, geographical profiling. These methods are used to predict the subsequent actions of the perpetrator based not only on the physical evidence that he left behind but also on the conscious or unconscious choices that made before, during, and after the commission of the crime. These methods are not as accurate or exact as forensic science itself, but they do provide valuable clues as to the next steps that the police should take in order to catch the criminal faster. Criminal profiling through geography In general, criminal profiling is the art of weaving together traces left in the crime scene to develop a likely story about the criminals plan, his method of operation, his thoughts, and his next target. The aim is to provide a map of sorts that will help police investigators and forensic psychologists to nail down the perpetrator. Criminal profiling methods are becoming more and more sophisticated as well, with the help of not only advanced technological tools but also developments in behavioural sciences, particularly psychology and psychiatry. Winerman (2004) noted that informal criminal profiling had its beginnings in the 1880s, when two physicians named George Philips and Thomas Bond utilized crime scene clues to discover the personality of the British serial murderer Jack the Ripper. In the decades to come, criminal profiling methods remained largely informal and the police investigators were often left to use intuition in tracking down their quarry. It is only in the 1970s when the US Federal Bureau Investigation opened its Behavioral Science Unit that criminal profiling became an actual scientific process. From then on, it became widely accepted in law enforcement circles as a reliable technique for predicting criminal behaviour. From the nature of these techniques, it can be deduced that profiling works best only when the police investigators already have a string of clues from different crime scenes at hand. Moreover, they are also likely to have an idea of who the suspect is, or at least they have a shortlist of suspected offenders. The trick is therefore pinpointing exactly who among these individuals actually perpetrated the crime, and to catch him before he does it again. Some of the most common things that criminal profilers look at when deciphering cases where the criminal has committed a series of offenses are the following: ÂÂ · Antecedent: what is the criminal plan or fantasy behind the action? ÂÂ · Method of operations: victims identity, weapon(s) used on the victim, degree of hostility or cruelty exhibited by the act, the existence or lack of sexual overtures to the crime, method of body disposal ÂÂ · Post-offense behaviour: is the suspect trying to give false leads to the media or to the police authorities? While methods are beginning to resemble an exact science, it cannot be denied that most of the data that investigators follow up on are mere guesswork and speculations backed up by circumstantial evidence. Thus, there was a need to develop a more foolproof method that will police authorities to limit their investigation to a particular area or community, and thus crack down on the perpetrator in a shorter amount of time. It is at this juncture that criminal geographical tracking (CGT) or more commonly known as geographical profiling came to be. Knowledge of criminal mobility and the geographical characteristics of crime scenes concurrently prompted investigators to look for a way that will allow them to manage their time and resources more effectively by confining the investigation to the most probable location of the perpetrators residence or his hub of criminal activity (Holmes and Holmes 2002). The most popular name that is associated with geographical profiling is Kim Rossmo, who started to make this method of investigative profiling more exact and accurate through his doctoral dissertation at Simon Fraser University in 1995 (Ramsland 2010). He developed a computer software called the criminal geographical tracking or (CGT) that is meant to assist in cases involving violent serial crimes. It feeds a number of important geographical characteristics into the software, which in turn tries to zero in on the most probable area of residence of the offender. CGT was meant to be an information management system that can help law enforcement agents cut down on their investigation time and resources by locating an exact area where the perpetrator is most likely to reside or to operate. This pioneering technology was first adapted by the Vancouver Police Department and was later on utilized by a number of other police districts across Canada. As a method of investigation, geographic profiling works by utilizing the locations of connected series of crimes to come up with the most probable area of residence of the offender. Oftentimes, it is used in cases where serial murder, rape, arson or robbery is involved, but it can also be applied in instances of single crimes like carnapping, burglary, bombing, and others. The most important element of this kind of investigative technique is the presence of distinguishing geographical features that can point the police officers to a specific place to conduct their investigation. Rossmo likened geographical profiling to looking at the traces left by a garden sprinkler on a lawn-there is no exact way to predict where the water droplets will fall, but it will leave a pattern that will show whoever is looking at it to guess where the sprinkler was most likely located amidst the marks on the wet ground (Grierson 2003). Grierson (2003) noted that Rossmo noted four important principles underpin geographical profiling. Rossmo borrowed two concepts from the original crime-pattern theory proposed by his teachers. The first idea is that offenders often leave a buffer zone around their area of residence in order to maintain their anonymity, while the second posits that there is a distance decay that can be interpreted from the actions of offenders. That is, an offender will be more willing to travel farther from home if he thinks that the payoff for the crime will be that much greater, meaning the violence involved in the commission of the crime will also be greater. Rossmo also added his own ideas to these theoretical concepts. He incorporated what he called the least effort analysis wherein he postulated that an individual will not act without performing some kind of cost-benefit analysis for his proposed course of action. The last concept in the puzzle is that of routine-activity theory, which states that crimes can happen at the junction of opportunity and familiarity. In other words, the decision to commit the crime in a particular manner is influenced by where the criminal finds himself at the time he decided on pushing through with his criminal design. This method is highly dependent upon two basic assumptions: 1. That the set of crimes being analyzed belong to one and the same series only. This can be validated only by exhausting other police methods that will confirm that a particular set of discrete offenses can be actually be attributed to the same person. 2. Accurate and valid geographical modelling that can show travel distance to the crime sites relative to the type of crime committed, type of offender, and the area or location being studied. Geographical profiling links the geographical characteristics of the crime scene and the known propensities of serial criminals in terms of choosing their victim and the location for deed. The result of the corresponding analyses will be a map that shows the offenders area of criminal activity. The locations of the occurrence of the crime would often belie a certain rational choice on the part of the offender, which would then help the investigators to trace him to his place of residence. Geographical information systems can be adapted to fit different scales, from global to small-scale investigation. Most geographical profiling occurs at the medium scale level, applying to particular cities or neighbourhoods. Smaller areas such as individual buildings can also be subjected to geographical profiling to determine more and more specific locations for the crime, such as an elevator shaft or a fire exit. According to Harries (1999), mapping crime is an important step in criminal investigation because it helps to provide a visual representation of the course of the investigation and what the authorities have found so far based on the existing evidence. Rossmos CGT would come up with either 2D or 3D map that can show the criminals most probable locations of activity based on the past crime scenes and corresponding accuracy rates. This map represents the offenders mental map of the city based on his past experience and activities within the area, his travel routes, and reference points. Some offenders stay within a particular geographical region, while others are willing to travel great distances in order to perpetuate their criminal design. The chances of the offender being a stable or a mobile one depends on a number of factors, such as his past travel experiences, means for transportation, predatory motivations, sense of personal security and even his preferred mode of attack. Rossmo also makes the assumption that the more crimes the offender is able to commit successfully, the more confident he feels about his particular mode of operation and the more willing he is to expand his area of activity. Geographic profiling can help the investigation in a variety of ways, such as choosing the most appropriate and efficient investigative strategy, prioritizing tips and evidence, running searches on existing DNA and fingerprint databases, neighbourhood canvasses and questioning of key people associated with the suspect, and address-based searches of police records. It is not meant to be a standalone technique to solve a crime, but rather to point the investigators to a particular locality where they can more extensively concentrate their investigation efforts. Ramsland (2010) noted that some law enforcement experts are actually more confident in the turnouts that geographical profiling can give rather than the traditional investigative methods that have been used in the past. Conclusion At present, the future of geographical profiling methods seems promising because of the increasing sophistication of crime mapping techniques and technology. Geographic information systems like Rossmos CGT was the first important step in the evolution of this branch of criminal investigation in the past decade, but it seems likely that we will be seeing more and more non-conventional and innovative methods in present-day investigations. Harries (1999) predicted that technologies like global positioning system or GPS, digital photography, local police databases and even the Internet as invaluable aids to police investigations. Spatial analysis giving police investigators a definite edge over their criminal counterparts, therefore shortening the criminal investigation considerably and allowing the prosecution stage to happen earlier. One of the most important advantages that technologies like geographical profiling can offer the law enforcement circle is its ability to reduce wastage of time, effort and resources by pointing the investigators to the most probable area of activity that the offender inhabits. Instead of spreading the manpower of the authorities over a large area and spending too much time chasing down false leads, the police can now focus on a specific location and conduct a more narrowly-tailored search. Rossmos CGT has spawned a series of new technologies that are now aimed at making police work more scientific and accurate. Even if the earliest beginnings of criminal profiling were largely dependent upon luck and guesswork, advances in science and technology have made it possible for criminal investigations to proceed with more certainty. Thus, it is important for investigators to also continue using it to improve upon the technology and make it more prevalent in law enforcement.